مقدمـــة
الكلام المنقول: هو أن نقول لشخص أخر ماذا قال فلان. وعند نقل الكلام يجب أن نقوم بتغيرات على كلام المتكلم، وهذه التغيرات تشمل: الضمائر، والأفعال وظروف الزمان.
ادرس الجدول التالي الذي يوضح 3 أشكال من الضمائر: فاعل، ومفعول به، وملكية.
ضمائر الملكية
ويقع بعدها اسم، وموقعها داخل الجملة غير مهم |
ضمائر مفعول به
وتقع بعد الفعل |
ضمائر الفاعل
وتقع بداية الجملة |
المتكلم |
| his لـه |
him هـو |
he هـو |
مذكر |
| her لـها |
her هـي |
she هـي |
مؤنث |
| my لـي |
me أنـا |
I أنـا |
المتكلم أنا |
| our لـنا |
us نحـن |
weنحـن |
المتكلم نحن |
| their لـهم |
them هـم |
they هـم |
الغائب الجمع |
| your لـك |
youأنت/أنتم |
You أنت/أنتم |
المخاطب أنت |
| its لـه/لـها |
it هـو/هـي |
it هـو/هـي |
غير العاقل |
ادرس الأمثلة التالية:
ضميرفاعل ضميرمفعول به ضميرملكية
1. He is a doctor. 2. The teacher asked him. 3. That is his car.
1. She has arrived. 2. The girls have seen her. 3. That is her bag.
1. I live in Amman. 2. They saw me in the shop. 3. I took my camera.
يوجد أربع أنواع من الجمل
1. الجمل الخبرية 2. وجمل السؤالWh-
3. وجمل السؤالYes/no
4. وجمل الأمر
1. قواعد تحويل الجمل الخبرية:
أ. نحول الضمائر في الجملة حسب الشخص الذي يتكلم، وأيضاً حسب موقع الضمير الموجود في الجملة كما يلي:
1. إذا جاء ضمير المتكلم في موقع الفاعل، نجري التغيرات التالية:
ضمائر الفاعل المتكلم يحول الضمير الفاعل إلى
I ( he مذكر), she(مؤنث)
they we
أدرس الأمثلة التالية، ولاحظ تغيير الضمائر، حسب المتكلم.
1. Majed said, "I live in Mafraq."(المتكلم ماجد-مذكر)
Majed said that he lived in Mafraq.
2. Najwa said, "I can drive a car."(المتكلمة نجوى- مؤنث)
Najwa said that she could drive a car.
3. The boys said, "We are going to visit Petra."(المتكلم جمع- الأولاد)
The boys told me that they were going to visit Petra.
2. أما إذا كان ضمير المتكلم مفعول به، نجري التغيرات التالية:
يحول الضمير المفعول به إلى ضمائر المتكلم مفعول به
me (himمذكر), ( herمؤنث)
us ( themجمع)
أدرس الأمثلة التالية، ولاحظ كيف يتغير الضمير عندما يقع في موقع المفعول به.
1. Rami said , "The man took me to hospital."
Rami told us that the man had taken him to hospital.
2. Manal said, "The teacher has asked me some questions."
Manal said that the teacher had asked her some questions.
3. The girls said, "The doctor will visit us."
The girls said that the doctor would visit them.
3. أما إذا جاء ضمير المتكلم ملكية، نجري التغيرات التالية:
يحول ضمير الملكية إلى ضمائر الملكية للمتكلم
my (hisمذكر), her(مؤنث)
our ( theirجمع)
أدرس الأمثلة التالية، ولاحظ كيف يتغير ضمير الملكية حسب المتكلم.
1. Hassan said, "My book has been stolen."
Hassan told me that his book had been stolen.
2. Mona said, "The teacher was impressed by my essay."
Mona said that the teacher had been impressed by her essay.
3. The workers said, "Our manager is very tough."
The workers said that their manager was very tough.
ملاحظة هامة جداً: جميع الضمائر الواردة في الأمثلة السابقة هي ضمائر متكلم. أما ضمائر الشخص المخاطب فهي فقط (you,your). فيما يلي شرح كيف نحول ضمائر المخاطب.
يحول ضمير المخاطب إلى ضمائر المخاطب
you ( heمذكر فاعل) , him (مذكر مفعول به)
you ( she مؤنثفاعل), her(مؤنث مفعول به)
you ( theyجمعفاعل) , them(جمع مفعول به)
you ( Iالمخاطب أنا فاعل),me (أنا مفعول به)
أدرس الأمثلة التالية، ولاحظ كيف تتغير ضمائر الشخص المخاطب (you,your).
1. Huda told Ahmad, "You are clever."(المخاطب أحمد- مذكر فاعل)
Huda told Ahmad that he was clever.
2. Bassel told Rana, "You have done well."(المخاطبة رنا- مؤنث فاعل)
Bassel told Rana that she had done well.
3. The teacher said,"You need to study harder."
(المخاطب جمع- الطلاب فاعل)
The teacher told the students they needed to study harder.
4. My father said, "You can pass the exam."(المخاطب أنا فاعل)
My father assured me that I could pass the exam.
لاحظ: أن ضمير المخاطب (you) في الأمثلة السابقة كان في موقع الفاعل، والآن أدرس الأمثلة التالية ولاحظ كيف يتغير الضمير (you) إذا جاء في موقع المفعول به.
1. Nawal said , "The man is looking for you, Ahmad."
(المخاطب أحمد-مفعول به)
Nawal told Ahmad that the man was looking for him.
2. "The children liked you."(المخاطبة فاطمة- مفعول به)
I told Fatemah that the children had liked her.
3. The teacher said," I will help you do the exercise."
(المخاطبون نحن- جمع)
The teacher told us that he would help them.
4. "I want you to clean the kitchen."(المخاطب أنا- مفعول به)
My mother wanted me to clean the Kitchen.
وأخيراً تعلم كيف نحول ضمير الملكية (your) للشخص المخاطب. اتبع القواعد التالية:
يحول ضمير الملكية للمخاطب إلى ضمائر الملكية للمخاطب
your ( hisمذكر)
your ( herمؤنث)
your ( theirجمع)
your ( myالمخاطب أنا)
أدرس الأمثلة التالية ولاحظ تغيير ضمير الملكية للمخاطب(your) .
1. "Your job is interesting."(المخاطب هشام-مذكر)
She told Hashim that his job was interesting.
2. "I will borrow your camera."(المخاطبة أميرة- مؤنث)
She told Amira that she would borrow her camera.
3. "The headmaster has seen your papers."(المخاطب الأولاد- جمع)
The teacher told the boys that the headmaster had seen their papers.
4."Move your car."(المخاطب أنا)
The police man told me to move my car.
ب. وعدا عن تغيير الضمائر يجب أيضاً تغيير الأفعال حسب القاعدة التالية:
الفعل في جملة الكلام المباشريحول الفعل في جملة الكلام المنقول إلى
الفعل المضارع (تصريف أول) الفعل الماضي (تصريف ثاني
الفعل الماضي (تصريف ثاني) ماضي نام had+pp.
حاول أن تحفظ تحويل الأفعال كما هي موضحة في الجدول التالي: | الفعل في الكلام المنقول |
يحول إلى |
الفعل في الكلام المباشر |
| 1. فعل ماضي |
|
1. فعل مضارع |
| visited |
|
مثلاًvisit |
| was |
|
is |
| was |
|
am |
| were |
|
are |
| would |
|
will |
| should |
|
shall |
| could |
|
can |
| might |
|
may |
| had to |
|
must |
| had |
|
have/has |
| 2. ماضي تام(had + pp) |
|
2. فعل ماضي |
| had visited |
|
مثلاًvisited |
| had been +ing |
|
was/were+ing |
| had had |
|
had (فعل رئيسي) |
أدرس الأمثلة ولاحظ تغيير الأفعال عند التحويل إلى الكلام المنقول.
1. Ali said, " I work in a bank."
Ali said that he worked in a bank.
2. Maha said, "I visited Petra."
Maha said that she had visited Petra.
3. "I am a teacher."
Mr Khled said that he was a teacher.
4. "There are some books on the table."
He told me that there were some books on the table.
5. "There were some books on the table."
He told me that there had been some books on the table.
6. "I have finished my homework."
She said she had finished her homework.
7. "I had a new car."
He said he had had a new car.
8. "I will call the police."
He said he would call the police.
أما الأفعال التالية فتبقى كما هي دون تغير :
would /should /could/ might /ought to / had to /
9. " I could lift 200 k.g."
He claimed that he could lift 200k.g.
تذكر واحفظ: تحويل الضمائر والأفعال التالية كما يلي: أ. تحويل الضمائر حسب المتكلم كما يلي:
I>he/she we>they
me>him/her us>them
my>his/her us> our
ب. تحويل الأفعال كما يلي:
فعل ماضي بسيط فعل مضارع بسيط
فعل ماضي بسيط ماضي تامhad+pp |
Exercise 1
Complete each of the following sentences in such away it means the same as the sentence before it.
1. "I speak English fluently."
Akram told me……………………………………… …………..
2. 'I am reading an interesting story.'
Maha said that……………………………………… ……………….. .
3. ' We are very busy.'
The workers told me that……………………………………… …….. .
4. ' I will consult my doctor soon.'
Ahmad said that……………………………………… ……………….. .
5. 'I will consult my doctor soon.'
Huda said that……………………………………… …………… .
6. 'The nurse has taken me to the X-ray room.'
Khalid told me………………………………………… ……………… .
7. 'The nurse has taken me to the X-ray room.'
Mona told me………………………………………… …………………. .
8. 'The teacher told us to do the exercise.'
The girls said that……………………………………… …………… .
9. 'I was looking for my camera.'
Hashem said that……………………………………… …………. .
10. 'I was looking for my camera.'
Nawal said that……………………………………… ……………….. .
11. 'We can help our mother.'
The girls said that……………………………………… …………. .
12. 'I have a very old car.'
Majed said that……………………………………… ………………. .
13. 'I had a very old car.'
Majed said that……………………………………… ………….. .
14. "I must find a suitable solution for the problem."
Amal told me that……………………………………… …….. .
الأجوبة
1. he spoke English fluently.
2. she was reading an interesting story.
3. they were very busy.
4. he would consult his doctor soon.
5. she would consult her doctor soon.
6. the nurse had taken him to the X-ray room.
7. the nurse had taken her to the X-ray room.
8. the teacher had told them to do the exercise.
9. he had been looking for his camera.
10. she had been looking for her camera.
11. they could help their mother.
12. he had a very old car.
13. he had had a very old car.
14. she had to find a suitable solution for the problem.
تذكر: يجب تحويل الضمائر والأفعال والظروف. حاول حفظ الظروف التالية وتحويلاتها قبل حل التمرين في الأسفل.
| في الكلام المباشرة |
في الكلام المنقول نحولها إلى |
| hereهنا |
there هناك |
| last yearالسنة الماضية |
the previous yearالسنة السابقة |
| next monthالشهر القادم |
the following monthالشهر التالي |
| tomorrowغداً |
the day afterاليوم التالي |
| yesterdayالبارحة |
the day beforeاليوم الذي قبله |
| nowالآن |
thenعندئذ |
| thisهذا |
thatذلك |
| theseهذه |
thoseتلك |
| at the momentفي هذه اللحظة |
at that timeفي ذلك الوقت |
| tonightالليلة |
that nightتلك الليلة |
تذكر: عليك تغير الضمائر والأفعال والظروف.
Exercise 2
Complete each of the following sentences in such away it means the same as the sentence before it.
1. They said, "This is our house."
They told me………………………………………… ………………… .
2. "I went to the cinema yesterday." She said.
Rana told me that……………………………………… ………………
3. "I am taking a test tomorrow."
Hassan said that……………………………………… ………………..
4. "I am not hungry now."
Mona told me that……………………………………… …………… .
5. "We have never been here before."
The boys told me ………………………………………… .. .
6. They said, "We were in London last week."
They said that……………………………………… ………… .
7. " I am leaving to Egypt next month.
Marwan told me ………………………………………… … .
8. "We are cleaning our room at the moment."
The children said that ………………………………………… .. .
الأجوبة
1. that was their house.
2. she had gone to the cinema the day before.
3. he was taking a test the day after.
4. she was not hungry then.
5. they had never been there before.
6. they had been in London the previous week.
7. he was leaving to Egypt the following month.
8. they were cleaning their room at that time.
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