Hamlet
Hamlet
Analysis of Major Characters
Hamlet
Hamlet has fascinated audiences and readers for centuries, and the first thing to point out about him is that he is enigmatic. There is always more to him than the other characters in the play can figure out; even the most careful and clever readers come away with the sense that they don't know everything there is to know about this character. Hamlet actually tells other characters that there is more to him than meets the eye—notably, his mother, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern—but his fascination involves much more than this. When he speaks, he sounds as if there's something important he's not saying, maybe something even he is not aware of. The ability to write soliloquies and dialogues that create this effect is one of Shakespeare's most impressive achievements.
A university student whose studies are interrupted by his father's death, Hamlet is extremely philosophical and contemplative. He is particularly drawn to difficult questions or questions that cannot be answered with any certainty. Faced with evidence that his uncle murdered his father, evidence that any other character in a play would believe, Hamlet becomes obsessed with proving his uncle's guilt before trying to act. The standard of "beyond a reasonable doubt" is simply unacceptable to him. He is equally plagued with questions about the afterlife, about the wisdom of suicide, about what happens to bodies after they die—the list is extensive.
But even though he is thoughtful to the point of obsession, Hamlet also behaves rashly and impulsively. When he does act, it is with surprising swiftness and little or no premeditation, as when he stabs Polonius through a curtain without even checking to see who he is. He seems to step very easily into the role of a madman, behaving erratically and upsetting the other characters with his wild speech and pointed innuendos.
It is also important to note that Hamlet is extremely melancholy and discontented with the state of affairs in Denmark and in his own family—indeed, in the world at large. He is extremely disappointed with his mother for marrying his uncle so quickly, and he repudiates Ophelia, a woman he once claimed to love, in the harshest terms. His words often indicate his disgust with and distrust of women in general. At a number of points in the play, he contemplates his own death and even the option of suicide.
But, despite all of the things with which Hamlet professes dissatisfaction, it is remarkable that the prince and heir apparent of Denmark should think about these problems only in personal and philosophical terms. He spends relatively little time thinking about the threats to Denmark's national security from without or the threats to its stability from within (some of which he helps to create through his own carelessness).
Claudius
Hamlet's major antagonist is a shrewd, lustful, conniving king who contrasts sharply with the other male characters in the play. Whereas most of the other important men in Hamlet are preoccupied with ideas of justice, revenge, and moral balance, Claudius is bent upon maintaining his own power. The old King Hamlet was apparently a stern warrior, but Claudius is a corrupt politician whose main weapon is his ability to manipulate others through his skillful use of language. Claudius's speech is compared to poison being poured in the ear—the method he used to murder Hamlet's father. Claudius's love for Gertrude may be sincere, but it also seems likely that he married her as a strategic move, to help him win the throne away from Hamlet after the death of the king. As the play progresses, Claudius's mounting fear of Hamlet's insanity leads him to ever greater self-preoccupation; when Gertrude tells him that Hamlet has killed Polonius, Claudius does not remark that Gertrude might have been in danger, but only that he would have been in danger had he been in the room. He tells Laertes the same thing as he attempts to soothe the young man's anger after his father's death. Claudius is ultimately too crafty for his own good. In Act V, scene ii, rather than allowing Laertes only two methods of killing Hamlet, the sharpened sword and the poison on the blade, Claudius insists on a third, the poisoned goblet. When Gertrude inadvertently drinks the poison and dies, Hamlet is at last able to bring himself to kill Claudius, and the king is felled by his own cowardly machination.
Gertrude
Few Shakespearean characters have caused as much uncertainty as Gertrude, the beautiful Queen of Denmark. The play seems to raise more questions about Gertrude than it answers, including: Was she involved with Claudius before the death of her husband? Did she love her husband? Did she know about Claudius's plan to commit the murder? Did she love Claudius, or did she marry him simply to keep her high station in Denmark? Does she believe Hamlet when he insists that he is not mad, or does she pretend to believe him simply to protect herself? Does she intentionally betray Hamlet to Claudius, or does she believe that she is protecting her son's secret?
These questions can be answered in numerous ways, depending upon one's reading of the play. The Gertrude who does emerge clearly in Hamlet is a woman defined by her desire for station and affection, as well as by her tendency to use men to fulfill her instinct for self-preservation—which, of course, makes her extremely dependent upon the men in her life. Hamlet's most famous comment about Gertrude is his furious condemnation of women in general: "Frailty, thy name is woman!" (I.ii.146). This comment is as much indicative of Hamlet's agonized state of mind as of anything else, but to a great extent Gertrude does seem morally frail. She never exhibits the ability to think critically about her situation, but seems merely to move instinctively toward seemingly safe choices, as when she immediately runs to Claudius after her confrontation with Hamlet. She is at her best in social situations (I.ii and V.ii), when her natural grace and charm seem to indicate a rich, rounded personality. At times it seems that her grace and charm are her only characteristics, and her reliance on men appears to be her sole way of capitalizing on her abilities.
Hamlet is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601. The play, set in Denmark, recounts how Prince Hamlet exacts revenge on his uncle Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father, the King, and then taken the throne and married Hamlet's mother. The play vividly charts the course of real and feigned madness—from overwhelming grief to seething rage—and explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest, and moral corruption.
Despite much literary detective work, the exact year of writing remains in dispute. Three different early versions of the play have survived: these are known as the First Quarto (Q1), the Second Quarto (Q2) and the First Folio (F1). Each has lines, and even scenes, that are missing from the others. Shakespeare probably based Hamlet on the legend of Amleth, preserved by 13th-century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum and subsequently retold by 16th-century scholar François de Belleforest, and a supposedly lost Elizabethan play known today as the Ur-Hamlet.
Given the play's dramatic structure and depth of characterization, Hamlet can be analyzed, interpreted and argued about from many perspectives. For example, scholars have debated for centuries about Hamlet's hesitation in killing his uncle. Some see it as a plot device to prolong the action, and others see it as the result of pressure exerted by the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge and thwarted desire. More recently, psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet's unconscious desires, and feminist critics have re-evaluated and rehabilitated the often maligned characters of Ophelia and Gertrude.
Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play and among the most powerful and influential tragedies in the English language. It provides a storyline capable of "seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others".[1] During Shakespeare's lifetime, the play was one of his most popular works,[2] and it still ranks high among his most-performed, topping, for example, the Royal Shakespeare Company's list since 1879.[3] It has inspired writers from Goethe and Dickens to Joyce and Murdoch and has been described as "the world's most filmed story after Cinderella".[4] The title role was almost certainly created for Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeare's time.[5] In the four hundred years since, it has been played by highly acclaimed actors, and sometimes actresses, of each successive age.
ترجمة مختصرة لقصة هاملت
- ( هاملت)
من عيون الأدب المسرحي الإنكليزي والعالمي على حد سواء. ويشير النظر الفاحصُ إلى أن المترجم متضلعٌ من اللغتين الإنكليزية والعربية ، غير أن ترجمته لم تخل من بعض الهناتِ، لذا تهدفُ هذه الدراسة إلى تسليط الأضواء النقدية على بعض من هذه الهنات بغية إرشاد القارىء أو الدارس إلى السبيل الأفضل نحو تذوق هذه المسرحية والوقوف عند مآرب شكسبير.
وهذه هى الترجمه لمسرحية هاملت
هاملت ، أمير الدانمارك الذي يظهر له شبح أبيه الملك ( اسمه هاملت أيضاً ) في ليلة ويطلب منه الانتقام لمقتله ، وينجح هاملت في نهاية الأمر بعد تصفية العائلة في سلسلة تراجيدية من الأحداث ، ويصاب هو نفسه بجرح قاتل من سيف مسموم.
تكمن مشكلته في التأكد من حقيقة الشبح ، هل هو أباه بالفعل يطلب الانتقام أم شيطان ماكر تهيأ في صورة أبيه ، ومن حقيقة مصرع أباه على يد عمه ( كلوديوس ) الملك الحالي للدانمارك الذي تزوج أمه (جرترود) وهي الزيجة التي كانت تعتبر آثمة وغير شرعية في زمن شاكسبير وتموت أوفيليا حزينة مكلومة بعد أن يصيبها الجنون بأن أغرقت نفسها بعد مصرع أباها على يد هاملت بالخطأ بعد أن كان يتصنت متخفياً خلف أستار على حوار بين هاملت وأمه حول مقتل أبيه وزواجها الآثم من عمه الملك الحالي ثم كان يريد أخو أوفيليا بمحاربة هاملت للانتقام منه لاجل اخته و ابيه فقاتالا امام كولوديوس ففرح وامام الجميع فقام عمه باعطاء كاس فيه مشروب لذيذ للفائز ووضع فيه السم لانه يعرف ان هاملت سوف يفوز
تموت جرترود ( جزاء على علاقتها الآثمة ) بعد أن شربت بالخطأ نبيذاً مسموماً وضع أساسا ليشربه هاملت فقام هاملت بعد فوزه بقتل عمه فقطع ذراعيه و وضع السم في فم عمه.
هاملت يجرحه لارتيس اثناء استراحة المبارزة بينهما غدرا لعلمه مسبقا بان السيف مسموم بحسب اتفاق كلوديوس مع لارتيس على تصفية هاملت نهائيا
أوفيليا ، حبيبة هاملت ، الفتاة الرقيقة التي لا يبارك أباها علاقتها بهاملت ، وتتأذى كثيراً من هاملت بعد أن ادعى الجنون وأنه لا يعرفها ( في محاولته لكشف حقيقة مقتل والده وذلك حتى يخفي نواياه بالانتقام حتى يتأكد من الحقيقة )
كيفية اكتشاف هاملت خيانة عمه كلوديوس؟ اقام هاملت حفل بمناسبة مرور عام علي زواج عمه من امه و تتويج عمه كملكا علي الدانمارك و عرض في هذا الحفل قصة الخيانة التي عرفها بواسطة شبح ابيه و ظهر علي عمه التوتر و ذهب عمه و ترك الحفل و من هنا تاكد هاملت من خيانة عمه كلوديوس و قرر الانتقام منه
ولدارسى هذه القصه
هذه هى الاسئله المقترحه على قصة ويليم شكسبير(هاملت)
Hamlet
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
Study Questions & Essay Topics
Study Questions
1. Shakespeare includes characters in Hamlet who are obvious foils for Hamlet, including, most obviously, Horatio, Fortinbras, Claudius, and Laertes. Compare and contrast Hamlet with each of these characters. How are they alike? How are they different? How does each respond to the crises with which he is faced?
2. Many critics take a deterministic view of Hamlet's plot, arguing that the prince's inability to act and tendency toward melancholy reflection is a "tragic flaw" that leads inevitably to his demise. Is this an accurate way of understanding the play? Why or why not? Given Hamlet's character and situation, would another outcome of the play have been possible?
3. Throughout the play, Hamlet claims to be feigning madness, but his portrayal of a madman is so intense and so convincing that many readers believe that Hamlet actually slips into insanity at certain moments in the play. Do you think this is true, or is Hamlet merely play-acting insanity? What evidence can you cite for either claim?
Suggested Essay Topics
1. Think about Hamlet's relationship with Ophelia. Does he love her? Does he stop loving her? Did he ever love her? What evidence can you find in the play to support your opinion?
2. Consider Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's role in the play. Why might Shakespeare have created characters like this? Are they there for comic relief, or do they serve a more serious purpose? Why does the news of their deaths come only after the deaths of the royal family in Act V, as if this news were not anticlimactic? Is it acceptable for Hamlet to treat them as he does? Why or why not?
3. Analyze the use of descriptions and images in Hamlet. How does Shakespeare use descriptive language to enhance the visual possibilities of a stage production? How does he use imagery to create a mood of tension, suspense, fear, and despair?
4. Analyze the use of comedy in Hamlet, paying particular attention to the gravediggers, Osric, and Polonius. Does comedy serve merely to relieve the tension of the tragedy, or do the comic scenes serve a more serious thematic purpose as well?
5. Suicide is an important theme in Hamlet. Discuss how the play treats the idea of suicide morally, religiously, and aesthetically, with particular attention to Hamlet's two important statements about suicide: the "O, that this too too solid flesh would melt" soliloquy (I.ii.129–158) and the "To be, or not to be" soliloquy (III.i.56–88). Why does Hamlet believe that, although capable of suicide, most human beings choose to live, despite the cruelty, pain, and injustice of the world?
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