Level 11

Conditional If لو (الشرطية)

ببساطة جدا نقول :
1) انه لو جزء الجملة بعد if كان في الpresent يكون النصف الثاني ب will ، ويكون المقصود كلام عن المستقبل (وليس الحاضر) ، مثل
If he prays , you will succeed.
2) ولو نصف الجملة بعد if كان في الpast يكون النصف الآخر ب would ، ويكون المقصود كلام عن الحاضر (وليس الماضي) ، مثل
If he prayed , you would succeed.
3) ولو نصف الجملة بعد if في ال past perf. (or / past perf. cont.) يكون النصف الآخر ب would have + past participle ، ويكون الزمن المقصود هو الماضي ، مثل
If he had prayed , you would have succeeded.
If he had been praying , you would have succeeded.

H.W. Complete the sentences: If she eats, they __________________________________________ If we bought the house, he __________________________________ If you had done it, he ______________________________________ If he had been working, she __________________________________

--- هذه هي القواعد الثلاثة الرئيسية ، أما خلاف ذلك فيمكن التكلم بحسب سياق الكلام وبحسب ما يفهم السامع ، أو ممكن القول ان خلاف ذلك يسمى open condition أو كلام مفتوح في حرية التكلم بحسب ما يفهم السامع ، وفي ال open condition حقائق ثابتة ، وذلك مثل :
If you are right , I'm wrong
--- وما يلي أمثلة أخرى على القواعد الثلاثة الرئيسية :
If he goes to the club tomorrow , I'll meet him.
If I were you , I would pray every time.
If he had informed the police , he would not have been killed.
ونلاحظ أن في كل هذه الجمل ، أي دائما مع if يمكن أن نأتي بالجزء الأخير من الجملة أولا وتكون if في الجزء الأخير ، مثل
I'll meet him if he goes to the club tomorrow.
ونلاحظ اننا في الجملة الثانية استخدمنا were مع I ، فمع if يمكن أن نستخدم were مع كل الضمائر (pronouns) بدل التصريف العادي ل verb be ، ولكن ممكن أيضا نستخدم التصريف العادي ، فمثلا
يمكن أن نقول If he were at home , he would help her.
وأيضا يمكن أن نقول If he was at home , he would help her.
ولعمل أسئلة ب if تكون كالآتي :
--- 1) What will you do if you have a lot of money? I'll buy a car.
2) What would you do if you had a lot of money? I'd buy a car.
3) What would you have done if you had had a lot of money? I would have bought a car.
--- 1) If you have a lot of money , will you buy a car?
Yes, I will buy a car. No, I won't buy a car.
2) If you had a lot of money , would you buy a car?
Yes, I would. No, I wouldn't.
3) If you had had a lot of money , would you have bought a car? Yes, I'd have bought a car. No, I wouldn't have bought a car.
--- وكما قلنا من قبل ، الزمن المقصود في نمرة (1) هو المستقبل وفي نمرة (2) هو الحاضر وفي نمرة (3) هو الماضي .

--- وأذكر الاختصارات التي تكلمنا عنها من قبل وهي :
1)I'll اختصار I shall . 2) I won't اختصار I will not . 3) I'd اختصار I would واختصار I had .

H.W. Answer the questions with Yes and No: If he has good health, will he help her? Yes, _________________________ No, _________________________ If they prayed a lot, would she give you some help? Yes, _________________________ No, _________________________ If we had prayed, would they have succeeded? Yes, _________________________ No, _________________________

وممكن استخدام unless بدل "if not" فيكون كل شئ كما هو ، نفس القواعد ونفس المعنى ، أمثلة :
If he doesn't work hard , they won't pay him.
Unless he works hard , they won't pay him.
If he didn't go out , we would visit him.
Unless he went out, we would visit him.
If I hadn't visited your brother , I wouldn't have seen you.
Unless I had visited your brother , I wouldn't have seen him.
--- وأحيانا unless تعني "except if" مثل: Sheriff can't hear unless you shout
--- ويمكن أيضا استخدام could , might مع if بدل من would :
We could go out if it stopped raining.
She could get a job more easily if she could type.
We might have won if we'd played better. (we'd = we had)
If the weather hadn't been so bad , we could have gone out.

--- واذا أضفنا only بعد if يظل كل شئ كما هو ، ولكن يكون المقصود هو التمني (تمني حدوث الشئ) ، وهذا سندرسه مع wish في الصفحة القادمة ، ولكن كمثال :
If only he was at home , he would help her.



Wishes [Meena] (and if only)
[1] If the wish is in the future, we use present simple tense after "wish" . Ex.: It will rain tomorrow, I wish it doesn't rain.
[2] If the wish is in the present simple (or present continuous), we use past tense after "wish"
Ex: 1) I am short , I wish (if only) I was tall (I wish I wasn't short)
2) I don't have a nice watch , if only I had this watch .
3) He always comes late , if only he would come early .
4) Omar and Aly are shouting, their father wishes they would stop arguing.
5) It is raining hard , I wish it would stop raining.
--- 6) If the wish is fulfilled , there would be a consequence .
ex: We live far away from the beach , I wish we lived near the beach all the time , then I could swim everyday .
[3] If the wish is in the past, we use past perfect tense after "wish"
Ex: 1) He ate too much , he wishes he hadn't eaten too much .
2) She came late , I wish she would've come early .
--- 3) If the wish was fulfilled , there would have been a consequence.
Ex: I didn't know that Mary was ill , I wish I'd (I had) known that she was ill , then I'd (I would) have gone to see her.
--- [4] love to / like to (would --) (بمعنى التمني وليس بمعنى محبة)
1) I'd love to get a car . 2) I'd like to apply to work as .. .. .
3) She would like to buy a house .
--- هام : لاحظنا من كل ما سبق ، ان ال tenses مع ال conditional if ، شبيهة بwish أو if only ، اي عندما يكون الفعل بعد if أو wish أو if only : 1) في الحاضر يكون الزمن الذي يقصده المتكلم في المستقبل. 2) وعندما يكون الفعل في الماضي يكون الزمن الذي يقصده المتكلم هو الحاضر. 3) وعندما يكون الفعل بعدهم في ال past perfect يكون الزمن الذي يقصده المتكلم هو الماضي ، وهذه أمثلة أخرى للتوضيح :
I didn't know that you were ill. If I'd known that you were ill, I'd have gone to see you.
I didn't know that you were ill. I wish (if only) I'd known that you were ill, then I'd have gone to see you.
ولتجميع كله في أمثلة واحدة متشابهة :
1) If he goes to the club tomorrow, I'll meet him.
Unless he goes to the club tomorrow, I'll not meet him.
I wish (if only) he goes to the club tomorrow, then I'll meet him.
2) If I were you, I would pray every time.
Unless I were you, I would not pray every time.
I wish (if only) I were you, then I would pray every time.
3) If he had informed the police, he would not have been killed.
Unless he had informed the police, he would have been killed.
I wish (if only) he had told the police, then he would not have been killed.

H.W. complete the following If they went home, she would see them Unless __________________________________________________ _ I wish (if only) _____________________________________________

--- ملحوظة : يجب التمييز بين if only التي تعني wish ، وبين only if التي تعني
as long as , or , provided that , or , providing that ، مثال :
You may use my car as long as (but only if) you drive carefully.


خطاباتLetters

وسنكتب جواب تقديم على عمل ، وهو بالطبع يكون مرفق لل "السيرة الذاتية" أي ال "resume" (أو ال "C. V.") ، وقد تختلف الصيغة قليلا ولكن الأكثر استخداما هو :

Dear sir or Madam,
I would like to apply for (to work for) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Sincerely yours
Magdy Youssef

--- ممكن نبدأ ب Dear Sir (Dear Madam),
--- وممكن نختم بدلsincerely yours بأي واحدة مما يأتي :
Yours sincerely / yours respectfully / respectfully yours.
--- وممكن أن نضع على الشمال فوق Dear sir ، عنوان المستلم (المرسل إليه) والتاريخ ، وممكن أيضا نضع التاريخ على اليمين أعلى من Dear sir .
--- وممكن أن نضع sincerely yours أو بدائلها، على اليسار، ونضع تحتهم الوظيفة أو الرتبة الحالية Job title .
--- وممكن في أول سطر تحت Dear sir نكمل بكتابة الوظيفة المطلوبة ورقم إعلانها.
نلخص كل ما فات بأنه من الممكن أن يكون الجواب كالآتي:
……………….
12 Rameses St.
Cairo , Egypt
November 13, 2003

Dear Sir or Madam,
I would like to apply to work for (جهة العمل) , as a "Construction Engineer", Job announcement # 1234. … …. ………
……… ………………………... …… ………… ………… …………… .

Respectfully yours
Magdy Youssef
Project manager





السيرة الذاتية
Resume (C.V.)

لاحظ انه يمكن كتابة "C. V." في العنوان بدل resume .
وعادة تكون السيرة الذاتية كالآتي :
Name :
Telephone # :
E-mail address :
Mailing address :
Objective :
Education :
Experience : (start with the most recent job or the current job , and write the date , for instance :)
From: November 2001- To: Now (or may 2003)
(then describe your job)
…………. ……. …………. …..
………….. ………....
From: June 2000 – To: November 2001
……….. …………. ……..
……. ………. … ……………
Interests and skills :

H.W. There is a job vacancy for an accountant , and you want to apply , write your C.V. and the attached letter.

Street directions : Excuse me , how can I get to ABC club? / go straight ahead , make left at this coming square , then turn right on the second street , it'll be on your left hand side .
Eating : I'll have big breakfast this morning / what will you have for breakfast ? / bread and butter and fried eggs with sausages / tea or coffee ? / tea with milk please .
Everyday life : Have the children left for school , honey ? / yes , they have , darling . I'm going to make the beds and clean the living room . / and I'll help some before going to work / oh yes , you must hurry , the traffic is very heavy today .
-- How about going out for a walk after dinner ? / that is fine and tomorrow we'll go to see some friends .
-- It's bedtime / not yet dad / ok. , come , take off your clothes and put on your pajamas .
-- Where is he ? / At the bank / where is the bank ? / on 33 Ramses st.
-- That is a nice watch, where is it from, Japan? / No, from Italy .
-- Good morning mother / good morning son / where are my sandwiches ? / come and have breakfast at the table , it is better for your health .
-- Are you going downtown tomorrow ? / Yes, I am / may you get a train ticket for I'll be working many hours all this week. / ok.
-- Now that the school year has come to an end, how will you spend the summer vacation? / I'll go to U.S.A / who are you going to visit there? / my family.
-- Do you want me to bring you anything for lunch? / No, thanks I had eaten a sandwich before I left home.
-- Have you ever been to London? / Yes, I went there once and I have travelled to U.S. many times.
-- Are Ahmed and George doing their homeworks? / no, they aren't / what are they doing? / they are playing on the computer / since when? / they have been doing this since six o'clock (for 3 hours now).

Comprehension: The concept of love

The best thing in the world is to love God and love everyone through or within our love for God.
It is great to love our parents, life partener, children, friends, and everyone, and even our enemies. We should love them as we said , through and within our love to God. Therefore, love should be wise and spiritual, for there are kinds of false love that may cause harm and may destroy a lot of things. True love wants always to give as to receive.
What may false love cause? _____________________________________
__________________________________________________ ________
What is the greatest thing? ______________________________________
__________________________________________________ ________

About the following topic: Virtues and vices with other concepts.
1) Write a dialogue between you and one or more of your friends (at least 5 lines).
2) Write an essay (at least 7 lines).