Level 10

Active and passive المبني للمعلوم والمبني للمجهول

لاحظ ان الactive and passive ليسوا tenses ولكنهم اسلوب كلام وفيهم tenses ، أي ان الكلام يكون الفاعل معلوما من هو ، او ان يكون الفاعل مجهولا .
أحسن وأسهل طريقة لفهم واتقان الactive and passive voices هي أن نعمل جدول من جدول الtenses الموجود في صفحة 47 مع تغيير شوية في ال pronouns ومع تكميل جزء في الجملة . ونحتاج أن نتذكر أيضا الجدول الخاص بال personal pronouns وخاصة الجزء الأول فيه حيث نجد مثلا أن "I" تتحول ل me ، و"he" تتحول ل him وهكذا .

I	Me
You	You
He	Him
She	Her
It	It
We	Us
You	You
they	Them

Tenses		Active	Passive
Sim.	Pr	He eats apples	Apples are eaten by him
	Pa	I ate an apple	An apple was eaten by me
	Fu	They will eat apples	Apples will be eaten by them
Con.	Pr	He is eating apples	Apples are being eaten by him
	Pa	I was eating an apple	An apple was being eaten by me
	Fu	They will be eating apples	Apples will be being eaten by them
Per.	Pr	He has eaten apples	Apples have been eaten by him
	Pa	I had eaten an apple	An apple had been eaten by me
	Fu	They will have eaten apples	Apples will have been eaten by them
p.c.	Pr	He has been eating apples	Apples have been being eaten by him
	Pa	I had been eating an apple	An apple had been being eaten by me
	fu	They will have been eating apples	Apples will have been being eaten by them

لاحظ الآتي : 1) An apple مفرد فنتعامل معها كأنها it (أي تأخذ was في ال past )، في حين apples جمع فنتعامل معها كانها they (أي تأخذ are و have في ال present وتأخذ will في future ).
2) تكوين الpassive voice يكون دائما فيه الpast participle (p.p.) ل verb فنجد أنه :
في الsimple يتكون الpassive من verb be + past participle (p.p.) .
وفي الcontinuous يتكون من verb be + being + p.p.
وفي الPerfect يتكون من verb have + been + p.p.
وفي ال perf. Cont. يتكون من verb have + been + being + p.p.
3) دايما he يكون بدلها by him و I نستبدلها ب by me وهكذا .










H.W.Complete the following table like the previous one using verb "drink"

Tenses		Active	Passive
Sim.	Pr	You drink milk	Milk is drunk by you
	Pa	She drank milk	Milk was drunk by her
	Fu	We shall drink milk
Con.	Pr	You
	Pa	She
	Fu	We
Per.	Pr	You
	Pa
	Fu
p.c.	Pr
	Pa
	Fu

--- والان لنأخذ جملة أطول فيها مفعولين two objects ، بنفس اسلوب الجدول السابق ، في كل الأزمنة ، وسنجد طريقتين لعمل ال passive

Active	Passive
She tells me stories	Stories are told to me by her I am told stories by her
I told them a story	A story was told to them by me They were told a story by me
They will tell us stories	Stories will be told to us by them We shall be told stories by them
She is telling me stories	Stories are being told to me by her I am being told stories by her
I was telling them a story	A story was being told to them by me They were being told a story by me
They will be telling us stories	Stories will be being told to us by them We shall be being told stories by them
She has told me stories	Stories have been told to me by her I have been told stories by her
I had told them a story	A story had been told to them by me They had been told a story by me
They will have told us stories	Stories will have been told to us by them We shall have been told stories by them
She has been telling me stories	Stories have been being told to me by her I have been being told stories by her
I had been telling them a story	A story had been being told to them by me They had been being told a story by me
They will have been telling us stories	Stories will have been being told to us by them We shall have been being told stories by them

ونلاحظ ان هذا الجدول هو نفسه الجدول السابق له ، ولكن فقط أضفنا فيه to me أو to them أو .. .
--- وكما أن الفعل tell يأخذ two objects ، يوجد أيضا أفعال أخرى مثله ، ومنهم give, ask, send, show, teach, pay
Ex: The men were paid 500$ by him to do the job.
I was given two hours by him to make my decision.
--- كما نلاحظ اننا من الممكن في كل الأزمنة في الجملة الثانية في الpassive لا نكتب "by --" وهذا لان عدم كتابتها لن يغير شئ في الموضوع طالما انه مفهوم من هو الفاعل أو طالما انه لن يهمنا من هو الفاعل .

H.W.Complete the following table like the previous one using verb "teach"

Active	Passive
He teaches you English	English is taught to you by him.
You are taught Eng. by him
We taught them Eng.	Eng. was taught to them by us
You will teach her Eng.
He is teaching you Eng.	Eng. is being taught to you by him
We were teaching them Eng.
You
He has taught you Eng.

--- وهذه بعض أمثلة أخرى.
The room looks nice, somebody has cleaned it
The room looks nice, it has been cleaned (by somebody)
The room looked nice, somebody had cleaned it
The room looked nice, it had been cleaned (by somebody)

والان لنأخذ بعض أمثلة من الجداول السابقة مع استخدام key words
--- Every Sunday she tells them some short stories =
Every Sunday some short stories are told to them by her
--- While he was writing the letter , they came =
They came while the letter was being written by him
--- By 6:00 o'clock , I'll have told them a story =
By 6:00 o'clock a story will have been told to them by me
--- He has been writing the report to his manager for an hour now =
The report to the manager has been being written by him for an hour now .
--- The new hotel will be opened next month
--- That house is going to be painted after a week
--- leave him , he wants to be left alone

--- أحيانا نستخدم الكلمات should, must, ought toمع الأزمنة وال active and passive:
--- Someone should have cleaned the house last Friday
The house should have been cleaned last Friday
--- Somebody must have stolen her car
Her car must have been stolen
--- They ought to have cancelled the meeting
The meeting ought to have been cancelled

--- كلمة born دايما تأتي في الpassive ،
Where were you born? I was born in Cairo
How many babies are born in this hospital everyday?
--- استخدام ing في ال active and passive :
I don't like people telling me what to do
I don't like being told what to do
الفرق بين : It is said / He is said to
It is said that he is 90 years old / He is said to be 90 years old.
It is believed that Noha eats one meal a day / Noha is believed to eat one meal a day.
It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow / The strike is expected to begin tomorrow.
It is reported that two people were killed / Two people are reported to have been killed.
عند عمل شئ :
Magdy repaired the roof yesterday (he did it himself)
Magdy had the roof repaired .. (he got someone else to do it)
وبنفس اسلوب الجملة الثانية ، يمكن ان نكتب الجمل التالية :

	Have	Object	Past part.
We are	having	the house	painted	at the moment
Where did you	have	your hair	done?
Roushdy has just	had	a telephone	installed	in his flat
I want to	have	my photograph	taken

Coversation : When will she fix her car ? / It can't be fixed by just one person / Will you help her? / she will be helped by her brother.

The following is a table of some verbs with their meanings , nouns and their adjectives :

Present (infinitive)	المعنى	Nouns	Adjectives
Act	يعمل، يمثل	Action, actor,	Acting, active
Affect	يؤثر	Effect	Effective
Amaze	يدهش	Amazement	Amazed / amazing
Apostate	يرتد عن العقيدة	Apostasy	Apostate
Bear	يحتمل	Bearing	Bearable
Beat	يضرب	Beat / beating	Beaten
Blacken	يسود	Black	Black
Bleed	ينزف	Bleeding	Bleeding
Blow	ينفخ	Blow / blowing	Blown
Bow	يحني، ينحني	Bow / bowing	Bowing
Break	يكسر	Break / breakage	Broken
Build	يبني	Builder / building	Built / built-up
Care	يعتنى	Care	Careful
Choose	يختار	Choice / choiceness	Choice / chosen
Come	يأتي	Coming	Coming
Compete	ينافس	Competition	Competitive
Correct	يصحح	Correction, corrector	Correct
Differ	يختلف	Difference	Different
Do	يعمل	Doing	Done
Eat	يأكل	Eater	Eatable / uneatable
Encourage	يشجع	Encouragement / courage	Encouraging / courageous
Entertain	يسلي	Entertainment	Entertaining
Exchange	يبدل	Exchange	Exchangeable
Excite	يثير	Excitement	Excited / exciting
Fly	يطير	Fly / flying	Flying
Forgive	يسامح	Forgiver / forgiveness	Forgiving
Grow	ينمو	Growth / grower	Grown / grown-up
Infect	يعدي	Infection	Infectious
Inform	يبلغ	Information	Informative
Lose	يخسر	Loser / loss	Lost
Make	يصنع	Make / make-up / maker / making	Made / made-up
Marry	يتزوج	Marriage	Married
Organize	ينظم	Organization	Organized
Perfect	يجعله كاملا	Perfection / perfectionist	Perfect
Practice	يمارس، يتمرن	Practice	Practical
Pride	يفتخر	Pride	Proud
Read	يقرأ	Read / reader / reading	Readable / Unreadable
Redden	يحمر	Red	Red
Regulate	ينظم	Regulation / regularity	Regular
Rise	يقوم	Rise / rising	Risen
Save	ينقذ	Safety	Safe
Write	يكتب	Writer / writing	written

The following is a table of some verbs with their meanings , past, past participle, nouns and their adjectives :

Verb	المعنى	Past	Past participle	Noun	Adjective
Accuse	يتهم	Accused	Accused	Accusation, accuser	Accusing
Adapt	يتكيف	Adapted	Adapted	Adaptation, adapter	Adaptable
Adopt	يتبنى	Adopted	Adopted	Adoption, adoptionism	Adaptive
Adultery (commit)	يزني، يفسق	Committed adultery	Committed adultery	Adultery, adulteration Adulterer, adulteress	Adulterous
Advise	ينصح	Advised	Advised	Advice, adviser, advisor, advisability	Advisable, advisory
Advocate	يشفع، يحامي	---d	---d	advocate
Afflict	يصيب، يؤذي	---ed	---ed	Affliction	Afflicted
Amaze	يدهش	---d	---d	Amazement	Amazing
Anoint	يمسح، يدهن	---ed	---ed	Anointing, anointment	Anointed
Appoint	يعين، يرسم	---ed	---ed	Appointment
Bear	يحتمل/ تحبل	Bore	Borne	Bearing	Bearable
Beatify	يسعد	---ied	---ied	Beatification	Beatified
Beget [Meena]	يولد (للذكور)، ينجب	Begot	Begotten	Begetting
Believe	يؤمن	---d	---d	Believer, belief	believable
Bestow	يوهب، يمنح	---ed	---ed	Bestowal
Betray	يخون	---ed	---ed	Betrayal, betrayer
Betroth	يخطب	---ed	---ed	Betrothal
Bind	يربط	Bound	bound
Blame	يلوم، يؤنب	---ed	---ed	Blame	Blameful, blameless, blameworthy
Blaspheme	يجدف	---ed	---ed	Blasphemy, blasphemer
Bless	يبارك	---ed	---ed	Blessedness, blessing	Blessed, blessing
Bound	يحدد (يعطي حدود)	---ed	---ed	Boundary, boundlessness	Boundless
Breathe	يتنفس، يتنسم	---d	---d	Breath, breather	Breathless
Cast	يلقي، يطرد	Cast	Cast	Cast, casting	Cast
Catechize	يعلم بالسؤال والجواب	---d	---d	Catechism, catechist
Celebrate	يحتفل	---d	---d	Celebration, celebrity	Celebrated
Chasten, chastise	يؤدب	---ed, ---d	---ed, ---d	Chastening, chastisement	Chaste
Chase	يطارد	---d	---d	Chase
Circumcise	يختن	---d	---d	Circumcision	Circumcised
Comfort	يعزي، يريح	---ed	---ed	Comfort, comforter	Comfortable
Command	يوصي، يأمر	---ed	---ed	Command, Commandment, Commander, Commandant	Commanding
Confess	يعترف، يقر	---ed	---ed	Confessant, Confessor, Confession	Confessed
Consecrate	يكرس، يخصص	---d	---d	Consecration	Consecrated
Contribute	مساهمة، عطاء	---d	---d	Contribution, contributor	Contributory
Corrupt	يفسد	---ed	---ed	Corruption, corrupter, corruptness	Corrupt
Create	يخلق	---d	---d	Creator, creation, creature	Creative
Do	يعمل	Did	Done	Doer	Done
Darken	يغمق، يظلم	---ed	---ed	Darkness, dark	Dark
Deafen	يجعله أصم	---ed	---ed	Deafness	Deaf
Die	يموت	---d	---d	Death	Dead
Deepen	يعمق	---ed	---ed	Depth, deepness	Deep
Defile	ينجس	---d	---d	Defilement	Defiled
Deliver	ينقذ / يسلم	---ed	---ed	Deliverer, delivery, deliverance	Delivered
Descend	ينزل، يهبط	---ed	---ed	Descendents, descent
Divorce	يطلق	---d	---d	Divorce, divorcee	Divorced
Donate	يهب، يتبرع	---d	---d	Donator, donation
Elect	يختار	---ed	---ed	Elector, election	Elect, electoral
Enchant	يسحر، يشعوذ	---ed	---ed	Enchanter, enchantress, enchantment	Enchanting, enchanted
Fast	يصوم	---ed	---ed	Fast, fasting
Forgive	يغفر، يسامح	Forgave	Forgiven	Forgiveness	Forgiven, forgiving
Free	يحرر	---d	---d	Freedom	Free
Guide	يرشد	---d	---d	Guide, guidance
Leaven	يخمر	---ed	---ed	Leaven	Leavened
Legalize	يقنن، يحعله شرعي	---d	---d	Legality, legalism, legalization	Legal
Live	يحيا، يعيش	---d	---d	life, living	Living, live, alive
Love	يحب	---d	---d	Love, lover	Loving, lovely
Meditate	يتأمل	---d	---d	Meditation	Meditative
Minister	يخدم	---ed	---ed	Minister, ministry	Ministerial
Offend	يعثر، يضايق	---ed	---ed	Offence, offense, offender	Offencless, offensive
Oppress	يظلم	---ed	---ed	Oppression, oppressor	Oppressive
Praise	يسبح	---d	---d	Praise	Praiseworthy praising
Pray	يصلي	---ed	---ed	Prayer	Prayerful
Proceed	ينبثق، يتقدم	---ed	---ed	Procession, proceedings	Processional
Prophesy	يتنبأ	---ied	---ied	Prophecy, prophet, prophetess	Prophetic, prophetical
Reform	يصلح	---ed	---ed	Reformist, reformation	Reformed
Represent	يمثل، ينوب	---ed	---ed	Representation, representative	Representative
Reveal	يعلن	---ed	---ed	Revelation	Revealing, revealed
Revive	ينهض	---d	---d	Revival	Revived
Revise	يراجع	---d	---d	Revision	Revised
Symbolize	يرمز	---d	---d	Symbol, symbolism, symbolization	Symbolic, symbolical
Terrorize	يرهب، يفزع	---d	---d	Terror, terrorism, terrorist	Terrorist
Vote	ينتخب	---d	---d	Vote, voter, voting	Voting, votive